Genes are the basic building blocks of our body; they play a crucial role in our development and growth. Mutations in certain genes can increase the risk of developing specific types of cancer. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are two of these genes. In this article, we will discuss the differences between BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes.
Table of Contents
BRCA1 Gene
The BRCA1 gene is a human tumor suppressor gene that produces a protein called Breast Cancer type 1 Susceptibility Protein. This protein is involved in repairing damaged DNA and helps maintain the stability of the cell’s genetic material. It acts as a protective shield to prevent mutations from occurring in other genes.
What is the function of the BRCA1 gene?
The BRCA1 gene is essential for the body’s DNA repair mechanism. It functions by correcting any errors in the DNA replication process, which prevents errors from accumulating and causing damage that could lead to cancer. It also plays a crucial role in the normal development and growth of breast and ovarian tissues.
What happens when the BRCA1 gene is mutated?
If the BRCA1 gene is mutated or damaged, it can lead to an increased susceptibility to breast and ovarian cancer. Women with a mutated BRCA1 gene have around a 60-80% chance of developing breast cancer in their lifetime and a 30-50% chance of developing ovarian cancer. Men with a mutated BRCA1 gene can also develop prostate cancer and have an increased risk of developing breast cancer.
How common is the BRCA1 gene mutation?
The BRCA1 gene mutation is relatively rare and occurs in around 1 in 500 people, with a higher incidence in certain ethnic groups, such as Ashkenazi Jews.
BRCA2 Gene
The BRCA2 gene is another human tumor suppressor gene that produces a protein called Breast Cancer type 2 Susceptibility Protein. This protein, like BRCA1, is involved in repairing damaged DNA and helps to maintain the genetic stability of the cell.
What is the function of the BRCA2 gene?
The BRCA2 gene’s primary function is to repair any damage to the DNA in the cells. It does this by binding to the broken ends of DNA strands and recruiting other proteins to help repair the damage. BRCA2 also plays a vital role in the production and repair of DNA in germ cells, which are responsible for passing genetic material from one generation to the next.
What happens when the BRCA2 gene is mutated?
Similar to the BRCA1 gene, mutations in BRCA2 can lead to an increased risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer. Women with a mutated BRCA2 gene have around a 45-65% chance of developing breast cancer, and a 10-30% chance of developing ovarian cancer. Men with a mutated BRCA2 gene are also at an increased risk of developing breast cancer and have an increased risk of developing prostate cancer.
How common is the BRCA2 gene mutation?
The BRCA2 gene mutation is slightly more prevalent than BRCA1, and it occurs in around 1 in 200 people. It is more common in people with Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry and other ethnic groups.
How are the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes inherited?
Both the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. This means that only one copy of the mutated gene is required to increase the risk of developing cancer. Each child of an affected parent has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation.
Which cancers are associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations?
BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations have been linked to an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer. However, recent research has shown that BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations can also increase the risk of other cancers, such as pancreatic, prostate, and melanoma.
How can people find out if they have a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation?
The best way to find out if you carry a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation is to undergo genetic counseling and testing. Your doctor may suggest genetic testing if you have a personal or family history of cancer or if you have other risk factors. Genetic testing involves a simple blood or saliva test that will detect any mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes.
Conclusion
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are two of the most important genes related to breast and ovarian cancer. Although the two genes have distinct functions, mutations in either gene can significantly increase the risk of developing cancer. Genetic testing can help identify people who are at high risk, allowing them to make informed decisions regarding screening and prevention strategies.
Common Questions and Answers
- What does BRCA stand for? BRCA stands for Breast Cancer gene
- What is the difference between BRCA1 and BRCA2? Although the two genes have distinct functions, mutations in either can significantly increase the risk of developing cancer
- Can men carry BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations? Yes, men can carry either mutation and are at increased risk of developing certain types of cancer
- How common are BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations? These mutations are relatively rare, occurring in around 1 in 500 and 1 in 200 people, respectively
- How can I find out if I have a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation? The best way to find out is to undergo genetic counseling and testing
References
- https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheet#table1
- https://www.breastcancer.org/risk/factors/genetics
- https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/risks-causes/genes-inherited-breast-cancer/brca1-and-brca2-genes